Each animal venom is processed, refined, and freeze-dried in a cleanroom to produce a powder formulation that is later measured, diluted, filtered, filled, sealed, sterilized, and packaged as pharmacopuncture injections used in KM institutions. The medications are based on a single animal venom ingredient and produced in 11 external herbal dispensaries (EHDs). The survey identified three types of animal venom-based pharmacopuncture: bee, snake, and toad venoms. A questionnaire developed by an expert group was distributed and collected for statistical analysis.
We surveyed 256 public health centers from 1 through 31 October 2019 as guided by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MoHW). The objective of this study was to contribute to the development of animal venom-based medicines by investigating the use of animal venom pharmacopuncture in Korean medicine (KM) institutions. Animal venoms, widespread throughout the world, are complex mixtures, the composition of which depends on the venom-producing species.
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